Biochemistry and Medicine Information in Pharmacology Assignment

Biochemistry and Medicine Information in Pharmacology - Assignment Example AD brains are particularly marked by neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plagues, neuronal cell loss, innate immune responses as well as a prominent activation of the glial cells. This paper critically investigates the potential relationship between Alzheimer’s disease, Beta-C kinins and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as well as their improvement on the cognitive function of patients. Numerous recent empirical studies suggest that the production of a class of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is significantly diminished among the patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease. Generally, BDNF is normally produced in the entorhinal cortex area of the brain (the part involved with cognition and memory) throughout an individual’s life Honea et al., 2013). It is widely believed that the production of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor is particularly enhanced by beta-C kinins, a class of neuropharmacological molecules some of which include AB 123. Although the correlation between the lowered levels of BDNF and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has not been effectively established, studies indicate that neurotrophic factors normally play a critical protective role against amyloid beta toxicity (Mattson, 2008, p.97). This is further supported by the growing number of scientific studies in Alzheimer’s disease that have revealed significant alterations in the immune responses including observable changes in the macrophage and lymphocyte distribution and activation. In a recent study conducted by Weinstein et al(2014), the researchers examined the levels of BDNF in 2131 healthy adults and then followed them for ten years. The results revealed that up to 50% individuals with the highest baseline levels of BDNF were less likely to develop dementia compared to their counterparts with the lowest levels of the molecule. It was concluded that a higher level of BDNF may protect against the occurrence of memory loss.

What I Have Learned Essay Example for Free

What I Have Learned Essay There are many life lessons that I have learned the hard way from this situation. I have learned who my true friends are, what a real family is, drugs are just a mask for feelings inside, what people really think about me, and I’ve learned the right way to live a life. The sad part of all this is it took something this significant for me to have a reality check. In life there are two types of friends, true friends who actually care about you and the ones who are fake and just want to use you to get high. To deviate whether a person is a real or fake friend you must look at what you guys do when you hangout, where you go, what you spend your money on and how you act with them. If when you hangout you have to lie to your parents then obviously what you are doing isn’t right. If you and your friends are afraid of getting in trouble from the activities you guys are partaking in then why do it? Why put yourself in that situation? Why more importantly put your family in the situation of having to come and take you out of the cop’s custody? If you don’t care about the people who brought you into this world enough to put them in that situation then there is something wrong with you and you need help like I am currently getting. Read more: Essay About Most Important Lesson Learned in Life   If you go and spend your money on food with a couple of buddies then that is a true friend but if you and your friends have to go and act like they are 18 to get a cigarillo and then have to go wherever you need to go to get your drugs then that is not the type of people you want to be around and you need to take yourself out of that situation as soon as possible because that is detrimental to your true potential. If you can act like your true self than that is a true friend, someone that you have to try to act â€Å"cool† with then that isn’t someone to be around because if you aren’t acting like yourself than who exactly are you? Someone who is just as fake as the people they are hanging out with that’s who. I recently stood in front of my football team (Family) and explained to them my whole entire life/family situation because that was my plead for help because I was lost for a while but I found my way back that day. A family is someone who you can tell anything too and not feel weird about doing. Family  members are people who if you cry in front of them (like I did that day) there is going to be zero judgment from them only more love and understanding because they now know what you deal with on a daily basis. Family is someone who you can call and they will completely drop what they are doing and they will go wherever you are or do whatever you need without any questions or complaints because they care for you that much. Someone who has your back no matter what, no matter how big the person is, no matter what the odds are they will be there 10 times out of 10 by your side protecting you. The Northeast Football team is one of the tightest families there are in the world because every play there is someone on the other side of the ball looking to bring harm to you and they will do whatever it takes to stop that person from even laying a hand on you. Through this experience I have realized that drugs are just a mask for how you really feel. They make you get your mind off of what is really bothering you. At first you may think this is a good thing but really it’s the worst because all those feelings stay inside of you and will be brought up to the surface and they will come back to haunt you. You will end up having a meltdown and not know what to do with yourself so you go and smoke some more to get it off your mind and the process just repeats itself till you get caught up. Most importantly through this experience I have now realized what I have made people think of me. I have made people think I’m a pothead that has no future in life. I have made people think they will end up seeing me over the counter asking them â€Å"May I take your order?† My image to people is fogged up now and I must prove to people that I’m completely different from what they have heard and what they think. That’s my job now. Lastly I have realized the way to live a happy life the right way. Without drugs I have seen all the pain I have caused my family. I don’t have to ask for money, I don’t have to lie, and most importantly I don’t have to argue with my grandparents anymore. I can finally make them proud by going off to college and hopefully playing baseball by earning a scholarship. I can help my grandparents live the rest of their life the way they want too without  stress and having to worry about me constantly. I owe them more than that but I’m going to get there eventually by doing the right things like I have been doing recently. I must thank Corporal McAddams for this because without him I wouldn’t have found my way back to the path I’m on right now, I would probably be making the same old stupid mistakes I made before and for that I must give him the credit for doing his job. I also must thank my two families for constantly loving and caring for me and always being there for me because the without them I would still be lost doing the wrong things with the wrong people.

Essay --

T. S. Eliot: Metaphysical Poetry, Prufrock and Hollow Men In the essay â€Å"The Metaphysical Poets,† T. S. Eliot explicates and praises the anti-Romantic and intellectual qualities of metaphysical poetry which Johnson had disapproved. Eliot writes â€Å"the poet must become more and more comprehensive, more allusive, more indirect in order to force, to dislocate if necessary, language into his meaning.† Eliot praised the metaphysical poets’ ability to find the verbal equivalent for states of mind and feeling while using clear, simple, pure language, and unexpected analogies to makes their reader sit up and consider a thought or emotion in a completely nuanced way, such language of metaphysical poetry is evident in Eliot’s poems, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, and The Hollow Men. Eliot states that the term metaphysical has been used as a term of abuse or as the label of a quaint and pleasant taste. Johnson himself, who employed the term ‘metaphysical poets’ with the poet Donne chiefly in mind, remarks, â€Å"the most heterogeneous ideas are yoked by violence together.† Johnson apprehended the metaphysical style where the â€Å"effects are due to a contrast of ideas, different in degree, but the same in principle.† The force of Johnson’s argument lies in his belief that the metaphysical poets could only correlate dissimilar ideas with violence, and that they could not fuse their analogies into a whole. Eliot remarks that this, however, is not the case and that many of the metaphysical poets have succeeded in combining heterogeneous ideas. Eliot quotes from Bishop King, Herbert and Cowley and other such poets to support his assertion. Thus, Eliot concludes that the fault Johnson references is not valid and the unity of heteroge neous ideas is com... ... as corrosive and cowardly. In the final lines of the poem, the prickly pear rhyme ends in a song about the end of the world. And this is how the world ends in the realm of the hollow men, â€Å"not with a bang, but with a sad and quiet whimper.† Eliot creates a desolate and alienated world where the hollow men dream of a kingdom that could release them from the constant state of nothingness. He focuses on the hollow men’s inability to transcend although it is their only hope. He uses the imagery of disembodied eyes and fading stars to depict the state of the men’s consciousness. Aspects of the form copy the characteristics of the hollow men, as well. The speakers desire to avoid speech and his inability to complete full sentences are shown in the final lines of the poem. Eliot deploys, the hollow men represent all humankind, and their tragic existence concerns everyone. Essay -- T. S. Eliot: Metaphysical Poetry, Prufrock and Hollow Men In the essay â€Å"The Metaphysical Poets,† T. S. Eliot explicates and praises the anti-Romantic and intellectual qualities of metaphysical poetry which Johnson had disapproved. Eliot writes â€Å"the poet must become more and more comprehensive, more allusive, more indirect in order to force, to dislocate if necessary, language into his meaning.† Eliot praised the metaphysical poets’ ability to find the verbal equivalent for states of mind and feeling while using clear, simple, pure language, and unexpected analogies to makes their reader sit up and consider a thought or emotion in a completely nuanced way, such language of metaphysical poetry is evident in Eliot’s poems, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, and The Hollow Men. Eliot states that the term metaphysical has been used as a term of abuse or as the label of a quaint and pleasant taste. Johnson himself, who employed the term ‘metaphysical poets’ with the poet Donne chiefly in mind, remarks, â€Å"the most heterogeneous ideas are yoked by violence together.† Johnson apprehended the metaphysical style where the â€Å"effects are due to a contrast of ideas, different in degree, but the same in principle.† The force of Johnson’s argument lies in his belief that the metaphysical poets could only correlate dissimilar ideas with violence, and that they could not fuse their analogies into a whole. Eliot remarks that this, however, is not the case and that many of the metaphysical poets have succeeded in combining heterogeneous ideas. Eliot quotes from Bishop King, Herbert and Cowley and other such poets to support his assertion. Thus, Eliot concludes that the fault Johnson references is not valid and the unity of heteroge neous ideas is com... ... as corrosive and cowardly. In the final lines of the poem, the prickly pear rhyme ends in a song about the end of the world. And this is how the world ends in the realm of the hollow men, â€Å"not with a bang, but with a sad and quiet whimper.† Eliot creates a desolate and alienated world where the hollow men dream of a kingdom that could release them from the constant state of nothingness. He focuses on the hollow men’s inability to transcend although it is their only hope. He uses the imagery of disembodied eyes and fading stars to depict the state of the men’s consciousness. Aspects of the form copy the characteristics of the hollow men, as well. The speakers desire to avoid speech and his inability to complete full sentences are shown in the final lines of the poem. Eliot deploys, the hollow men represent all humankind, and their tragic existence concerns everyone.

Literature Review on Bulimia Nervosa and its Relation to the Personality Trait Introversion

Bulimia nervosa (BN) is one of the three major eating disorders commonly addressed in the field of psychology. The disorder is primarily characterized by an abnormal eating behavior that usually involves binging on food for a certain period of time as a response to personal stressors. Often referred to as a binge/purge syndrome, the eating disorder may involve such behaviors as induced vomiting, laxative and diuretic abuse, excessive exercise and unnecessary fasting. The disease usually has an onset age between 15 and 18 years and is said to affect 1-5% of (young) women in general.The disorder is generally hard to detect due to several reasons. These reasons include: a) bulimics are good at hiding their rituals; b) most weigh within normal range for their height, sex and age and only a few are under or overweight; and c) they demonstrate appropriate and normal eating habits in public circumstances. Furthermore, â€Å"eating disorders have for a long time been thought of as a culture -bound syndrome concerning white, middle class women, and often have not been thought to exist in other societies or cultures.However, studies show that eating disorders are present also in non-western societies, though not as prevalent† (Ekeroth, 2005, p. 19). Some signs and symptoms bulimics may exhibit include dental and gum diseases due to gastric acid exposure; irregular menstrual periods; swollen parotid glands; gastrointestinal problems such as bloating, constipation, and ulcers (gastric and duodenal); and electrolyte imbalances as a result of dehydration with accompanying symptoms such as hypotension, dizziness and light headedness (Sewell, 2000 ,p. 5-6).The diagnosis of BN is primarily accomplished through the determination of the following criteria: â€Å": a) recurrent episodes of binge eating (rapid consumption of a large amount of food in a discrete period of time); b) a feeling of lack of control over eating behavior during the eating binges; c) regularly engagi ng in self-induced vomiting, the use of laxatives or diuretics, strict dieting or fasting, or vigorous exercise in order to prevent weight gain; d) a minimum of two binge-eating episodes a week for at least three months; and e)persistent over concern with body shape and weight† (Sewell, 2000, p. 6). In the paper written by Tracy Sewell (2000), she discusses the prevalence of eating disorders (ED) as affecting an estimated 2-3% of post pubertal girls and women with an additional 5-10% of whom have â€Å"subclinical† eating disorders. Apparently, a significant number of girls are psychologically distressed suffering in quiet disturbance which makes their cries for help harder to hear and easier to ignore.As it were, girls tend to perceive their bodies, as it moves away from the thin prepubertal look, as overweight – resulting in unhappy feelings and the development of maladaptive methods of coping such as extreme dietary measures (p. 98-99). Sewell (2003) discusses several variables as affecting the incidence of the disorder. One such variable researchers have often associated with the disorder is the self-esteem levels/values of women.Issues often surrounding the disorder include body shape dissatisfaction which have been found to be highly correlated with the disorder as having both a mediating and moderating effect depending on outcome measures used. Additionally, she notes that â€Å"disordered eating can be conceptualized along a continuum, ranging from concern with weight and normal eating, to â€Å"normative discontent† with weight and moderately deregulated/restrained eating, to anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa† (3).â€Å"Normative discontent,† however, does not necessarily mean a psychiatric diagnosis or categorization, the condition itself – in its own right – can cause considerable distress and thus is a potential risk factor for developing BN syndrome (3). Perception plays a vital role in the pathology of the disorder. Most studies done on the subject reveal that bulimic women tend to report significant distortion of their body parts. They are greatly dissatisfied with their bodies which lead them to perceive themselves as larger than they really are and thus desire to become much smaller (Sewell, 2000, p.102). Apparently, there is a high connection between depression, body esteem, body image pre-occupation (Sewell, 2000, p. 103); Baigrie & Giraldez, 2008, p. 173; Watson, 2008, p. 6-7) teasing, anxiety, hostility, boredom, dietary restraint (Baigrie & Giraldez, 2008), neuroticism, obsessive compulsive disorders [OCD], borderline personality disorder [BPD] and extroversion (Watson, 2008, p. 6-7) with the development of eating disturbances in young women with low self-esteem.Sewell’s (2000) research into the subject of BN reveals that there are several correlated factors in the development of the disorder. One such factor is the onset of adolescence which is viewed as a turbulent time of â€Å"storm and stress† as the young woman’s family values come into conflict with societal, peer and media-espoused values. Numerous studies have established that adjustment problems peak during this time and thus contribute to the struggle for identity and independence (p. 6-7). Additionally, she found that certain predictive symptoms of BN can be found as soon as early childhood.These include eating and digestive problems such as problems with self-control of eating behaviors as well as eating-related family struggles. Notably, it was discovered that parents of bulimics – most especially the father – demonstrated personality profiles suggestive of disturbed affect, weak internal controls, unmodulated expression of hostile impulses and absent emotionally satisfying intrafamilial ties. It was also found that relatives of bulimics were more likely to suffer frequently from affective disorders, alcoholism and drug use disorders (p.8 ). Furthermore, it was discovered that the families of individuals with bulimia and bulimia-like symptoms were characteristically lacking in commitment, help, support, and filled with anger, aggression and conflict. Additionally, they were also found to be â€Å"disengaged, chaotic, conflictual, and lacking in expressive communication† (p. 9-10). It was also discussed in the same research that feminine and masculine traits were also correlated with the development of the disorder, especially towards the development of a distorted body-image.Apparently in the case of eating disorders, feminine traits were valued negatively compared to masculine traits and this has led women to have more negative self-concepts than men do (Sewell, 2000, p. 11). In fact, it was found that: both masculine and feminine gender-typed women who strongly adhered to a superwoman ideal were at greater risk for eating disorders than androgynous superwomen were. In contrast, androgynous superwomen had rel atively low potential for disordered eating and appeared comparable to women who regardless of gender typing rejected the superwoman ideal.(Sewell, 2000, p. 13). Another area of correlation, according to the same research, is in the area of self-esteem. Apparently, low self-esteem is linked to indicators of psychological distress such as depression, neuroticism, anxiety, poor general adjustment and eating disorders. According to studies, it is generally accepted that those who have low self esteem have a greater risk of developing eating disorders (Sewell, 2000, p. 14). The issue of body image in bulimics has been found to have distinctions between body-size distortion and body dissatisfaction.The former is described to be a â€Å"perceptual† disturbance where the patient appears unable to assess personal size accurately. The latter, on the other hand, has a more attitudinal (cognitive and affective) nature and has no disturbed size awareness. To quote: â€Å" [in] this type patients assess their physical dimensions accurately but they react to their bodies with extreme forms of disparagement or occasional[] aggrandizement† (Sewell, 2000, p. 15). These two types are also known to operate separately or conjointly, depending on the complexity of the disorder.Depression was also found to be highly correlated to the development of bulimia. Research indicates that around 60% of all bulimics suffer from a form of depression and that these feelings may be rooted in troubles with socialization. Studies have shown that socialization encourages the development of feminine characteristics in young women, however, the same activity also predispose them to develop â€Å"learned helplessness† – a form of maladaptation pattern towards stress.This may be due to the imposition of the â€Å"thin ideal† primarily on women which results in the higher frequency of depression in the group (Sewell, 2000, p. 16). In fact it was found that â€Å"dep ression was related to eating attitudes in fifth and sixth grade girls [which] suggest that preoccupation with food and dieting in girls begins in the fifth and sixth grades and increases in the seventh and eighth grades, a time when most girls are completing puberty† (Sewell, 2000, p. 18).Additionally, Sewell (2000) described in her research two sets of variables which the author predicted to have either predisposing effects (variables A) or precipitating effects (variables B) on the development of eating disorders. Findings for the research indicated that variables designated as B (which included self esteem and body shape dissatisfaction) had a more direct relationship in predicting eating disorder risk (p. 50-51). Apparently, it was also found that dieting can be an entree into an eating disorder especially if it were accompanied by certain risk factors and intensified by certain issues (p.51). Other findings discussed by the author included several psychological measures designed to estimate the presence of risk factors such as the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory, Body Shape Questionnaire, endorsed sex roles, Social Insecurity Subscale and the Interoceptive Awareness Subscale (Sewell, 2000, p. 52-53, 57, 106, 108). According to the research, those who are at risk of developing eating disorders usually score high in the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory – a measure indicating the presence of lowered self-esteem.Scoring high in the Body Shape Questionnaire test, on the other hand, indicates greater body shape dissatisfaction. These two measures combined indicate a greater risk for respondents falling within the clinical diagnosis range (p. 52-53). In terms of reported sex role, those who endorsed an androgynous sex role orientation were found to have higher body mass indices (BMI) and scored lowest in the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), supporting findings in literature which state that those individuals with a more androgynous sex-role orientation generally score highest in self-esteem (p.57). Meanwhile, high scores on the Social Insecurity Subscale reflects the level of perceived tension, insecurity, disappointment, unrewarding and generally poor quality of social relationships while the Interoceptive Awareness Subscale, on the other hand, measures confusion and apprehension in recognizing and accurately responding to emotional states.It also reflects one's lack of confidence in recognizing and accurately identifying sensations of hunger and satiety (p. 108). Interpreting these various data led Sewell (2000) to the following conclusions: numerous literatures indicate decreased self-esteem leads to a greater likelihood of being diagnosed with an eating disorder.Similarly, increased body shape dissatisfaction and poor body image are strongly related to eating disorders and those individuals who indicated they â€Å"always† exercise were more likely to be diagnosed with an eating disorder than those who indicated they ex ercised less frequently. This also agrees with findings in the literature that indicates individuals who have an eating disorder are inclined to engage in great amounts of exercise, rather than exercise in moderation. (p. 52-53).These, therefore, are the gist of Sewell’s findings on BN and other eating disorders: a) the disorder is highly predisposed by depression; b) several complex co-morbidities precipitate the development of eating disorders; c) failed, faulty or maladaptive social and familial interactions can affect the likeliness of developing the eating disorders; and d) BN and other eating disorders display high levels of body distortion and dissatisfaction which all point towards lowered body and self esteems.In a separate study conducted by Kerstin Ekeroth (2005) where the author tackled psychological problems in adolescents and young women, she found that â€Å"patients with bulimia nervosa (BN) scored higher than both patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and thos e with an eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) on most problem scales,† supporting the findings of Sewell and other literatures. Additionally, the author also mentions that AN-bingers/purgers (an AN subclass similar in behavior with bulimics) scored higher in externalizing behaviors than pure restrictors (p. 4).In terms of co-morbidity, the author also found strong relations with depression. However, the author also warns that starvation may cause symptoms similar to primary depressive disorder and thus has a potential to influence initial depression ratings. Similarly, it was also found that there are elevated frequencies of social phobia in both AN and BN patients. In fact, an estimated 75% of AN and 88% of BN patients had anxiety disorders predating the eating disorder (Ekeroth, 2005, p. 25-26). Additionally, the author described several personality disorder clusters usually found in persons with eating disorders.According to this description, BN patients most co mmonly demonstrate cluster B personality disorders. Cluster B personality disorders include borderline, antisocial, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders. Among these, it was found that borderline personality disorder is the most frequently reported. Additionally, BN patients also categorize under a cluster labeled C which includes disorders such as avoidant, dependent and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. Apparently this cluster is commonly reported equally in both BN patients and AN patients (Ekeroth, 2005, p.27-28). Several studies have also reported that a higher frequency of suicidal behavior, drug use, and stealing are found in girls with BN indicating impulsivity disorders. As the author writes: Bulimic behavior is often thought of as an expression or manifestation of a failure to control impulses to eat, and to get rid of the food afterwards. In addition, earlier studies have found that girls with bulimia not only have lower impulse control and elevate d rates of impulsive behavior but also express more aggression compared to girls with AN.(Ekeroth, 2005, p. 29). This is further supported by the fact that many patients with BN seem to have disinhibitory problems. A possible explanation for this is that dieting and starvation has been found to not only influence mood lability but is also disruptive to the different psychoneuroendocrinological systems (Ekeroth, 2005, p. 30). The author also discussed that patients with eating disorders often experience conflicted relations with friends and family, and usually withdraw from social interaction.Despite this general characterization however, AN patients were found to be active in school and in sports. In complete contrast, BN girls were reported to have received less support from friends and family, experienced negative interactions and conflicts more frequently, and have less social competence (Ekeroth, 2005,p. 32). Furthermore, correlations identified by the author revealed the follow ing data: [C]orrelations between the internalizing and externalizing dimensions were 0. 51/0.49 (boys/girls), and for anxious/depressed, and aggressive behavior the correlations were 0. 49/0. 45 (boys/girls). Moreover, self-destructive/identity problems correlated high with anxious/depressed (r = 0. 78/0. 82 boys/girls) as well as with the internalizing dimension (r = 0. 77/0. 78 boys/girls) (Ekeroth, 2005, p. 40), revealing that a high correlation exists between self-destructive/identity problems with anxiety/depression and internalizing dimensions of persons with eating disorders.Other findings included in the paper also reveal that BN patients score higher on somatic complaints, attention problems, delinquent behavior, aggressive behavior, externalizing, and total problems compared to AN and EDNOS patients. This was supported by the fact that BN patients report higher degrees of problem externalization especially concerning delinquent behaviors compared to AN patints (Ekeroth, 20 05, p. 43). Additionally, BN patients were also reported to have more problems compared with AN patients.Similarly, BN patients were also reported to have more problems â€Å"than EDNOS patients on anxious/depressed, self-destructive/identity problems and internalizing† (Ekeroth, 2005, p. 41). These findings were in line with previous reports that girls with ED score significantly lower on competence, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, and psychoticism (Ekeroth, 2005, p. 48) – reinforcing the idea that â€Å"[f]eelings of self-competence and having close and good relations to family and peers might be important factors influencing coping potential and treatment outcome† (Ekeroth, 2005, p.43) of patients with eating disorders. Evidently, lack of competence is on of the common features in persons with eating disorders. However, like most constructs, this aspect is not easily defined (Ekeroth, 2005, p. 58). Additionally, the author discusses: Bulimic b ehavior has been linked to impulsivity†¦[h]owever, the definition of impulsivity is not clear-cut and simple. Impulsivity consists of two different aspects, lack of planning and urgency (the tendency to act rashly when experiencing negative affect), and that it is urgency, which is linked to bulimic behavior.Others have pointed at the distinction between internally and externally directed impulsive behavior, and suggest that general psychopathology is related to internally directed impulsivity (e. g. self-harm), while bulimic pathology is more specifically associated to externally directed impulsivity (e. g. theft). (Ekroth, 2005,p. 53). However, despite all these information, it is still generally regarded that there is still large uncertainty about the relevant distinction between AN-r (restrictive type), AN-b/p (binging/purgative type), and BN.(Ekeroth, 2005, p. 33). The findings in both Sewell’s and Ekeroth’s research were also supported by a third study condu cted by Baigrie and Giraldez (2008). The focus of this study however was on the subject of binge eating and its relation to coping strategies employed by [Spanish] otherwise normal adolescents. In the said study, it was found that among respondents for the study, those who reported binge eating characteristically had higher BMIs, lower self esteem, depressive symptoms and were less satisfied with their body image (p. 173).Additionally, the study also determined that those who scored higher in the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) were more likely to have lower self esteem, more irrational thinking, decreased use of cognitive and behavioral coping strategies and increased use of avoidance coping (p. 174). In terms of coping strategies, the study found that the binge-eating group scored highest in three of the four areas of coping (introversion, positive hedonist coping, and avoidance coping) with introversion and avoidance coping garnering higher mean scores (Baigrie and Giraldez, 200 8, p.177). As the author’s discussed: it was expected that the adolescents who binge eat would use more avoidance coping strategies (unproductive coping) and fewer problem-focused strategies (positive coping) compared to the adolescents who do not binge eat. The results confirmed [that] adolescents who binge eat use avoidance coping more frequently than those who do not binge eat. (Baigrie and Giraldez, 2008, p. 177). Several studies also focused on the aspect of extraversion and introversion in correlation with eating disorders (Miller et al., 2005; Hitti, 2008; Watson, 2008[? ], p. 6-10,23; Carmo and Leal, 2007, p. 1). In these studies, it was found that lower extraversion (i. e. introversion) was related to disordered eating especially in women who score high in neuroticism – indicating that neuroticism and introversion may be risk factors in developing eating disorders (Miller et al. , 2005). This is supported by all previously discussed literature and by Miranda H itti (2008) in her article where she states â€Å"shyness and introversion are risk factors for anxiety disorders, especially social anxiety disorder.† As previously discussed, anxiety disorders are common co-morbidities among persons with eating disorders. An assumption can therefore be made that since neuroticism and introversion are risk factors for developing anxiety disorders, they are therefore indirect factors towards the development of eating disorders such as bulimia. Additionally, in the study conducted by Isla Watson (2008), it was determined that extroversion has a negative relation with eating disorders.Extroversion is defined as being markedly engaged with the world and dealing with external factors in an energetic, positive manner such that extroverted individuals gain pleasure from attention and their actions are often spontaneous and lack regard for others. Furthermore, â€Å"[c]ompelling evidence has shown that extroversion increases after weight is restore d during recovery from an eating disorder† and that it is often not expressed in anorexic individuals therefore calling for a need to watch out for the polar trait introversion (Watson, 2008, p.10) due to the fact that introversion is a common feature of eating disorders (Watson, 2008, p. 23). This idea is further reinforced by the findings of Claudia Carmo and Isabel Leal where the authors negatively correlated extroversion and awareness with the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) subscales, allowing the authors to conclude that extroversion and awareness are protective factors against the development of eating disorders (p. 1).In summary of all the literature discussed so far, the subject of BN and eating disorders in general seem to be highly correlated and associated with anxiety and personality disorders. It is also pointed out that these psycho-behavioral disorders are a probable result of several contributing factors such as families that are disengaged, chaotic, conflict ual, and lacking in expressive communication, negative self concepts, and poor quality of social relationships.These factors contribute to the development of depression, neuroticism, anxiety, poor general adjustment and lowered self esteem. Furthermore, these mentioned characteristics also define personality clusters found in persons with eating disorders such as BN. Though BN patients are generally more aggressive and demonstrative of delinquent behavior, distinctions between BN, AN-r, AN b/p and EDNOS is not very clearly defined. Therefore, findings about extroversion and introversion may generally apply to all of these eating disorders.If anything, the fact that extroversion is proven to be negatively related to eating disorders, the inverse thus is also plausible: introversion is positively related with eating disorders. How this affects BN however is still unclear since most of the literature discussed here so far characterize BN as specifically associated with externally direc ted impulsivity – a behavior that somewhat mirrors extroversion. However, since BN patients also have co-morbid anxiety and personality disorders it cannot be ruled out automatically that these individuals do not have introvertive traits.The mere fact that the characteristics lowered self esteem, avoidant coping, decreased social competence, and social phobia frequently come up as descriptive traits of the anxiety and depressive disorders found in these individuals all point to the likelihood that these individuals may have some form of introversion and that BN patients probably compensates for this by â€Å"acting out† in order to cover for the insecurity that is very definitive of eating disorders. ReferencesBaigrie, S. S. , Giraldez, S. L. (2008). Examining the relationship between binge eating and coping strategies and the definition of binge eating in a sample of Spanish adolescents. The Spanish Journal of Psychology vol. 11 no. 1:172-180. Carmo, C. , Leal, I. (20 07). Dimnsions of personality and eating disorders. University of Algarve Portugal, Department of Psychology. Ekeroth, K. (2005). Psychological problems in adolescents and young women with eating disturbances.Doctoral Dissertation for Goteborg University, Department of Psychology. Hitti, M. (2008). Variations in RGS2 Gene Linked to Shyness in Kids, Introversion in Adults. WebMD Health News Reviewed by Louise Chang, MD. Retrieved March 17, 2009 from http://www. webmd. com/mental-health/news/20080303/shyness-gene-teased-out Miller, J. L. , Schmidt, L. A. , Vaillancourt, T. , McDougall, P. and Laliberte, M. (2005).Neuroticism and introversion: A risky combination for disordered eating among a non-clinical sample of undergraduate women. Elsevier Ltd. Sewell, T. (2000). Developing risk factor profiles for Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa in young adults. Thesis for the University of Manitoba for the Faculty of Graduate Studies. National Lirary of Canada. Watson, I. (2008). Personality factor s & their relation with attentional bias to food words. Rsearch for the University of Wales, Bangor.

Does Media and Music Affect Our Lives

Critical Response The argument of whether or not music and media affect or influence our lives is a very complicated argument that divides people in their viewpoints. I personally believe that music and media will influence you only if you let it. Everything in life becomes only what you make of it and I think that some people in life hold music artists on a pedestal and go so far as to live their lives according to what they hear in their idols music. A song that truly depicts this concept in a disturbing, but yet believable way is the song â€Å"Stan†, by Eminem.This songs tells the story of a young man named Stan, that believes himself to be Eminem’s biggest fan that he goes so far as to live his life in away that imitates what he believes is how Eminem lives his. He confesses his devotion to Eminem through letters and by going to concerts and standing outside in the cold for hours just to get an autograph, but things go really bad when Stan doesn’t get a repl y from Eminem in a time span that he believes he should have.So Stan makes one last message for Eminem, which involves him being drunk, locking his girlfriend in the trunk and driving the car off a bridge. In the end Eminem writes Stan back with his concern of him trying to imitate his life, but then realizes what has happened. This song illustrates a perfect example of a crazed fan going to far. This guy is named Stan, which is Eminem’s â€Å"code† name, and in the music video he even dresses like him and goes so far as to make sure he has the same hairstyle and color.Everything else also is an attempt to imitate Eminem, from the pregnant girlfriend that he eventually ends up locking in the trunk and killing to have an absent father. But the thing is though is that everything he is trying to imitate in this song are not the real characteristics of Eminem, they are only based on songs Eminem has written, including one song where Eminem kills the mother of his baby and locks her in a trunk.I think that this song is a great example of how influential people can be, but I don’t think that all people are this influenced by music. I think that you are your own person and what you allow to influence you and affect you is your choice. This not only applies to music, but also to the media and news. Last week I had a very eye opening experience as a result to one of readings on the media and how much of the truth it tells and what it chooses to leave out. It made me ealize that sitting around and waiting for the truth to come to you, isn’t a logical approach and if you chose to live like that they you shouldn’t expect to receive the whole truth. The news and media also is very biased and can influence viewers to be the same. This has been very evident at least to me since 9/11, with how the media is so biased against Muslims and Arabs, and how they portray them all to be â€Å"the bad guys† and the ones to blame for the problem s that we are enduring now.But what us even more upsetting is that some Americans are letting the media influence them into believing this biased view point and instead of getting the whole story by going and getting other news sources, people just go along with what the media tells them. Even though a lot of people believe that the media and music is responsible for influencing the way people live their lives and the choices they make, I believe that how it influences you and to what extent is your choice.If you hear a song on the radio that talks about killing someone, doesn’t mean that you should go out and do it, but you ultimately are the one that makes that decision, not the song. The same thing applies with the news, if you hear on the news that the Muslims are the ones to blame for all of our problems, it is your choice to agree or disagree with that statement and it is your responsibility to go and look at other sources if you want to get a real stance on the problem that is not biased.

Free Essays on Euro Disney

Question 1: What issues are at the heart of euro Disney’s problems? Why? When the project (cultural Chernobyl) opened, there were some major assumptions of the model that unfortunately were revealed to be inaccurate, not only in terms of attendance of the park, but also mainly on the real estate side of the project. There were overoptimistic projections at that time, and it was a time in the early 1990s when the real estate market, especially in France and Europe, was booming and there were very optimistic projections about the speed, the size and the kind of price Disney would get form the land development. The downturn of Paris real estate market affected the sales of hotels. The attendance was below the expected rates (See Appendix I). The second major issue was the whole tourist destination including the park was over invested form the beginning. Costs skyrocketed and Disney managers could not price the entrance to the park at the right level to pay for those costs and at the right level to be affordable by the Europeans during the recession (See Appendix II). Disney had to define their branding decisions based on a thorough understanding of the idiosyncrasies of the customers they were targeting, as well as the general political and cultural environment they were located in, rather than just on the specific characteristics of their destinations or the attributes specific to their product. Disney had made little provision for local management participatory contribution or community cooperation when it constructed its park in France. It relied entirely on command and control enforcement techniques and on what it considered was its infallible experience. Disney ignored social cultural environment sensitivity, dietary preferences and communication skills that discouraged large number of potential visitors. Although the Walt Disney company is an icon of successful commodification of culture and its brand stewards have done most th... Free Essays on Euro Disney Free Essays on Euro Disney Strengths and Weaknesses Euro Disney’s major strength is its well-known and established tradition and brand name. Euro Disney is a conglomerate company comprised of many businesses. The existence of their own television program is in fact strength, therefore it transformed into an opportunity to advertise its products and parks. Euro Disney did not used effectively its strength in the European market and has over looked to transform its strengths into opportunities. Therefore, one weakness that can be concluded from the case study is that Euro Disney has an ineffective marketing team when entering the European market. In fact, you can not be successful if your marketing team makes threatening environmental signals and predicting stuff before entering the market. PRODUCT The products are the Theme Park experience and entertainment and the various Disney products sold inside. People from Europe view differently the product. They have deep consideration towards their traditions, in particular in France toward the agriculture. Therefore, acquiring agricultural land to build the Theme Park would not be proper decision. Probably a better decision could have been to buy land that is not for cultivating agriculture. Indeed, acquiring other non-agriculture land such as land in the center of Paris or in an urban area could have been more attention grabbing. Even though the price for urbanized land is higher, however, increase number customer attracted could have compromised it because they would have not been offended and there could have been less negative publicity. Yet, the American spirit of the Theme Park and the products affected the French people perceptions. Due to their appreciation for the culture Euro Disney could have places French names on their offerings. However, since their target has been whole Europe putting French names would not be suitable for the different customers. Thus, the company could either tar... Free Essays on Euro Disney Euro Disney’ marketer’s before entering a market as in this case has been the European market should have scanned the environment. By scanning the environment they should analyze the mega-environment as well as the task environment for possible opportunities and threats . Yet, a close attention could have been paid to their strength and weaknesses inside the company. Indeed, the consideration about any trends should have been incorporated in their environment analysis. In this case there has been a recognition of a trend, which is the trend of people going to theme parks during the weekends for entertainment of them as well as their children. Also here is an existing need for entertainment of this kind. Therefore, an opportunity exists in the European market that Euro Disney could have taken advantage of. However, their failure to pick up signals from the macro environment and microenvironment as well as to position their product accordingly, had negative effects on their operations. A further analysis of their macro and micro environment highlights their malfunction. MACRO ENVIRONMENT (P.E.S.T) The components of the macro environment are the political-legal environment, the economic environment, the socio-cultural environment, and the technological environment in which Euro Disney operates. Political-legal environment: Euro Disney’s decision to open its Theme Park near Paris has caused a negative publicity in the sight of many French politicians. In fact, they have objected the existence of Theme Parks in the center of their French culture since the park has been viewed as a visible symbol of the U.S. culture. Although Euro Disney marketers probably choose this location, in particularly France, due to the fact that is the center of Europe and could most probably be the most convenient place for people to arrive and settle in their hotel to be entertained. For instance, people from all over Europe could travel quickl... Free Essays on Euro Disney Question 1: What issues are at the heart of euro Disney’s problems? Why? When the project (cultural Chernobyl) opened, there were some major assumptions of the model that unfortunately were revealed to be inaccurate, not only in terms of attendance of the park, but also mainly on the real estate side of the project. There were overoptimistic projections at that time, and it was a time in the early 1990s when the real estate market, especially in France and Europe, was booming and there were very optimistic projections about the speed, the size and the kind of price Disney would get form the land development. The downturn of Paris real estate market affected the sales of hotels. The attendance was below the expected rates (See Appendix I). The second major issue was the whole tourist destination including the park was over invested form the beginning. Costs skyrocketed and Disney managers could not price the entrance to the park at the right level to pay for those costs and at the right level to be affordable by the Europeans during the recession (See Appendix II). Disney had to define their branding decisions based on a thorough understanding of the idiosyncrasies of the customers they were targeting, as well as the general political and cultural environment they were located in, rather than just on the specific characteristics of their destinations or the attributes specific to their product. Disney had made little provision for local management participatory contribution or community cooperation when it constructed its park in France. It relied entirely on command and control enforcement techniques and on what it considered was its infallible experience. Disney ignored social cultural environment sensitivity, dietary preferences and communication skills that discouraged large number of potential visitors. Although the Walt Disney company is an icon of successful commodification of culture and its brand stewards have done most th...

Research Essay Three Stories Essays

Research Essay Three Stories Essays Research Essay Three Stories Essay Research Essay Three Stories Essay The three short stories that I’ve read â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Black Man And White Woman in a Dark Green Boat† and â€Å"Good People† were all captivating stories. All three stories where written by different authors. The short stories all dealt with various life situation the anyone could relate to and understand. The short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†, written by: Ernest Hemingway is cast in a bar setting.This story is also written in third person and the writing style can almost be converted into a play. I believe the author did a great job painting to picture of for his audience, but to me it lacked real substance. Especially when being compared to â€Å"Black Man and White Woman in a Dark Green Boat† and â€Å"Good People†. The plot in this story is not clear especially with quotes like (â€Å"I’ll go with you and I’ll stay with you all the time. They just let the air in and then its all pe rfectly natural. Then what will we do afterward? We will be fine afterward. Just like we were before. What makes you think so? That’s the only thing that bothers us. It’s the only thing that makes us unhappy† E. Hemingway Pg. 225). The topic in this story was not clear to me. You have to rely on the narrator to figure it out. The short story â€Å"Black Man and White Woman in Dark Green Row Boat† by: Russell Banks is the best story out of all three short stories. This story is set in a trailer park in Northern New England near the beach. The symbolism that’s use to clue you in to what this story is about is the title itself â€Å"Black Man and White Woman in Dark Green Row Boat†. The author intentionally describes the gender and nationality of the characters in the title which helps guide the reader to the main topic of the story. Also there are lines such as (â€Å"Actually, mother was a lot better than I expected her to be. If Daddy were alive it would be dif

10 of the Most Inspirational Parts of Nursing

10 of the Most Inspirational Parts of Nursing The crazy shifts, the constant wrestling with life and death. What keeps a nurse going?  Here is a random list of the most important things a nurse holds onto in order to keep showing up for work. 1. PassionThat’s the drive that brings nurses  to medicine in the first place. Keeping sight of this and staying connected to the desire to help people are vital in any nurse’s career.2. RespectFor each other, for the profession, for the lives so often hanging in the balance.3. HumorLaughter, we all know, is often the best medicine. In order to make it through the toughest days, it’s often mandatory to  find humor in the darkness.4. GratitudeAs important for nurses as everyone else- perhaps more so. Being thankful for patients, personal  health, and the  patience of families and friends is key.5. TeamworkNurses  work together to make it look seamless, but it takes a lot of individual effort and care.  6. Learning and teachingBoth are the best way to keep t he passion up- whether by mentoring and teaching a new colleague or fulfilling your own desire to keep learning more and advancing in your professional development.  7. AdvocacyBeing there for the patient and standing up for him or her when they can’t speak for themselves is challenging, but necessary and humbling.8. TrustWithout it, nurses  are sunk. They  have to trust themselves, their  knowledge, and the people they  working with, or they can’t help anyone.9. CourageNurses couldn’t do their jobs without it. It takes courage just to come to work- more to take a stand whenever necessary for patients’ interests.10. InnovationExciting decisions happen every day, in very setting. Nurses are always using  what we know to make the world a healthier, safer place.

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Statement of professional Goals - Essay Example This will help me in my career progression in that it will enable me to go for leadership and managerial positions in reputed organizations. This degree will prove to be a fruitful extension of my qualification in that I will become a competent professional in fields like tourism and hotel management. I anticipate that organizational expectations of hospitality managers have increased. In today’s modern business world, a hospitality manager conveys a strong impression when she looks for a job. She is given more supervisory duties, which I am sure that I am capable of performing. I believe that keeping in view my academic qualification, and my need to complement my previous degree, the authorities will definitely consider my application for admission in their reputed university. I assure that I shall prove to be a competent student for your university and a reputed professional in the

Human Resources in Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Resources in Healthcare - Essay Example It entails defining the component tasks of a job and the skills and knowledge needed to accomplish such tasks. As such, it would be conducted by the Human Resources department or other assigned individuals like trained job analysts, incumbents or supervisors. The process of job analysis begins with the determination of the purpose for conducting the job analysis. Then, the jobs to be analyzed would be identified. A critical step in this process involves explaining to the employees and determining their involvement. According to Fottler (2008a), this would ease the transition and make employees own the process. The fourth step in this process involves the collection of job analysis information. This information could be in form of work activities, work schedules, work performances and personal requirements. The organizational needs determine the method that would be used to collect this information. These include the observation method involving observing job holders as they work; interviewing job holders and their associates on the job and what it entails; carrying out a survey using structured questionnaires and checklists filled in by job holders; performing the job to gather primary information; having employees record their daily task s through a diary method.; obtaining job attributes from knowledgeable supervisors through the technical conference method; examination of the competencies associated with a job and its execution through the competency model technique; and using collected data for various occupations through the occupational information network. In the fifth step, the information gathered would be organized into a form that would be beneficial to the management and employees, ensuring that the job specifications match the job. This information would then have to be reviewed and updated frequently. The information collected from job analysis wholesomely impacts human resources activities. It informs on the training and development needs of employees. It also identifies the staffing needs of an organization and informs the recruitment of qualified employees. It enables the identification of best qualified job applicants and communication on job expectations. In many organizations, job analysis informa tion informs on the compensation and benefits of various grades of employees. Job analysis serves a critical role in performance appraisals as it gives the performance standards and facilitates the comparison of the expected to the actual performance. Finally, it informs on employee and labor relationships so as to determine appropriate action to foster such a relationship (Fottler, 2008a; Wech & Panjamapirom, 2009). In as much as job analysis should be an on-going practice, organizations set jobs for analysis when such jobs undergo changes in content and personnel functions. Job analysis would be critical when an organization introduces new work. Similarly, when new techniques emerge or major changes occur, job analysis would be crucial (Wech & Panjamapirom, 2009). Finally, when setting up a new organization, job analysis would also have to be undertaken. 2. Define Strategic Human Resources Management (SHRM) and its functions. What

CBI cost method Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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Starting an analytical unit Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Starting an analytical unit - Research Paper Example Thus, it is imperative that police and military intelligence operation should be adequately equipped for effective information gathering; of substantive analysis or interpretation of crimes for operatives to confidently and efficiently address it; and to prevent cycle of felonies so that lives and properties, whether publicly or privately owned, are amply protected. Mott (2006) believed that substantive amounts of actionable intelligence must be done to ensure that the police and military institutions could preserve its credibility as peoples’ agents for peace and security. Theoretical Framework This is a qualitative study that will explicate the necessity, significance and consequence of organizing an Analytic Unit within the police ranks tasked to analyze, interpret and validate gathered information in order to provide criminal intelligence and to be able to conduct substantive and critical review of information to strengthen its capabilities in triangulating crimes in relat ion to the dispensation of criminal justice. The researcher will therefore explore the significance of organizing an Analytic Unit that will employ significant approaches for  criminal investigation  and explicate that this is a significant body that will help contribute to increase crime rate resolution or reduction. This will also elucidate that crime resolution require intelligence or analytic unit apart from simple administrative or operative procedures (Greenwood, Chaiken, Petersilia, Prusoff, Castro, Kellen and Wildhorn, 1975). The subject of this proposal will be explored using the theories of Human Resource Management in the hiring and organizing of a criminal investigation and Analytic Unit within the police military institution of XXXXXX country in accordance to its national policy for security. This will be substantially detailed with Transformational Leadership and Theories of Motivation that is goal and outcome-oriented. As such, theories will be able to explicate t he mission, roles and objectives of this Analytic Unit. Statement of the Problem There is lack of organized criminal investigation and analytic unit that will interpret gathered information for criminal intelligence and an able body who can adequately interpret events and crimes with accuracy and clarity for effective reduction of crime rates. Both military and police forces have intelligence units except that there is eroding confidence to organized analytic unit because recently, authorities tend to rely on operative measures to quell crimes. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to explicate the dire necessity of organizing an Analytic Unit within police military force; appreciate its contribution for efficacy and effectiveness in crime prevention and to increase the rate of crime resolution; and, provide a process on how Analytic Unit be organized in accordance to national laws on security and crime prevention. The research will also specifically (a) describe the sta te of criminal investigation of XXXXX place; (b) assess and explicate the contribution of police investigation and crime analysis in relation to the completion of criminal justice goals; (c) to reassert the significant role of police crime investigation and analytic unit in enhancing crime prevention and resolution; and (d) explicate the procedural mechanism on how this Analytic Unit will be organized in accordance to national policies of state security. Review of the Literature Managing security

Contrast between Bartleby.com and Merriam-Webster Online Essay

Contrast between Bartleby.com and Merriam-Webster Online - Essay Example The credibility of both the websites under consideration is duly recognized by many prominent scholars and the teachers of English language hailing from a number of reputed academic institutions. As already mentioned, Bartleby is a leading publisher of online and digital resource works that are easily accessible on the company's website and at most of the famous online bookstores like the amazon.com. On the other side, Merriam-Webster happens to be a seasoned and time tested publisher of the print and electronic resource works, which has enjoyed an unblemished reputation for credibility and reliability since the year 1982. Veracity, reliability, and credibility are the hallmarks of any worthwhile academic endeavor and research and the given two websites amply satisfy all these criteria. Language is not a static phenomenon, but an alive and pulsating entity that alters and changes on a regular basis. The staff at both the Bartleby.com and the Merriam-Webster Online promptly responds t o this challenge by updating them on a continuous basis. Bartleby.com comes with an off white background that scarcely interrupts its dark blue text, making it easier to read and highly legible. The usage of dark blue text over an off white background enhances the website's visibility and aesthetic appeal. Overall, this website gives a presentable impression and is definitely pleasing to the eye of any visitor. Images and the sections of the text are tastefully separated by white and grey spaces, thus facilitating an easy view. The text is neither too big nor too small and is bold enough to allow for an amenable reading by a majority of the visitors. Columns of the text are wide enough to make the on-screen presentation facile and hassle-free. Merriam-Webster Online also adheres to a two-color scheme, using light blue text and columns over an off white background.     

Starting an analytical unit Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Starting an analytical unit - Research Paper Example Thus, it is imperative that police and military intelligence operation should be adequately equipped for effective information gathering; of substantive analysis or interpretation of crimes for operatives to confidently and efficiently address it; and to prevent cycle of felonies so that lives and properties, whether publicly or privately owned, are amply protected. Mott (2006) believed that substantive amounts of actionable intelligence must be done to ensure that the police and military institutions could preserve its credibility as peoples’ agents for peace and security. Theoretical Framework This is a qualitative study that will explicate the necessity, significance and consequence of organizing an Analytic Unit within the police ranks tasked to analyze, interpret and validate gathered information in order to provide criminal intelligence and to be able to conduct substantive and critical review of information to strengthen its capabilities in triangulating crimes in relat ion to the dispensation of criminal justice. The researcher will therefore explore the significance of organizing an Analytic Unit that will employ significant approaches for  criminal investigation  and explicate that this is a significant body that will help contribute to increase crime rate resolution or reduction. This will also elucidate that crime resolution require intelligence or analytic unit apart from simple administrative or operative procedures (Greenwood, Chaiken, Petersilia, Prusoff, Castro, Kellen and Wildhorn, 1975). The subject of this proposal will be explored using the theories of Human Resource Management in the hiring and organizing of a criminal investigation and Analytic Unit within the police military institution of XXXXXX country in accordance to its national policy for security. This will be substantially detailed with Transformational Leadership and Theories of Motivation that is goal and outcome-oriented. As such, theories will be able to explicate t he mission, roles and objectives of this Analytic Unit. Statement of the Problem There is lack of organized criminal investigation and analytic unit that will interpret gathered information for criminal intelligence and an able body who can adequately interpret events and crimes with accuracy and clarity for effective reduction of crime rates. Both military and police forces have intelligence units except that there is eroding confidence to organized analytic unit because recently, authorities tend to rely on operative measures to quell crimes. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to explicate the dire necessity of organizing an Analytic Unit within police military force; appreciate its contribution for efficacy and effectiveness in crime prevention and to increase the rate of crime resolution; and, provide a process on how Analytic Unit be organized in accordance to national laws on security and crime prevention. The research will also specifically (a) describe the sta te of criminal investigation of XXXXX place; (b) assess and explicate the contribution of police investigation and crime analysis in relation to the completion of criminal justice goals; (c) to reassert the significant role of police crime investigation and analytic unit in enhancing crime prevention and resolution; and (d) explicate the procedural mechanism on how this Analytic Unit will be organized in accordance to national policies of state security. Review of the Literature Managing security

Skills for Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Skills for Learning - Essay Example I also able to decide the best reading strategy, that is, whether I need to scan, skim or read in-depth. I am able to make effective notes when I am reading, but I find it harder to do the same when listening. 4. Theoretical and reflective writing skills In many cases, I can analyze assignments to determine what I am expected to do. I know and understand the difference between a report and an essay. I have no problem punctuating and using grammar and spelling without making mistakes. Usually, I do not have difficulty expressing my ideas in the written form. 5. Spoken Communication Sometimes I feel confident participating in class and group discussions. I often ask questions about topics that I need clarification in. 6. Planning for Personal Development Many times, I am able to organize my time so as to meet deadlines. However, this does not happen all the time. I am not so good at setting targets, and when I do, I find it hard to reflect on my progress towards the goals. 7. Informati on Technology Skills I able to use basic programs to create retrieve and store files. I am also able to use word processing packages to produce my documents; however, I need to improve on my speeds and proficiency. I am not able to use spreadsheets to manipulate data. The Action Plan – Task 2 Academic Skills for Learning that I need to improve The following are the five areas in which I need to improve: 1. Theoretical and reflective writing skills: I need to be able to analyze all my assignments so as to understand exactly what I am supposed to do. 2. Reading and note-making strategies: I need to be able to take effective and comprehensive notes while reading or listening. 3. Generating ideas: I need to improve my idea generation skills and be able to conceive the existing ones in new ways. 4. Information Technology Skills: I need to improve on my word processing skills and typing speeds 5. Planning for Personal Development: I need to improve on how I manage my time Targets 1 . To be able to effectively analyze all my assignments by the end of two weeks. 2. To be able to take comprehensive and neat notes by the end of the module. 3. To be able to formulate my own ideas from what I read by the end of one month. 4. To be proficient in all information technology techniques that I need to know by the end of the module. 5. To be able to plan and use my study time and non-study time efficiently. Strategies to help me improve: 1. I will practice on a lot of assignments which I will have someone else evaluate to see how best I can analyze and understand what is expected of me. 2. I will practice reading and note taking skills following the recommendations in textbooks and class notes. 3. I will go through different essays and reports and try to formulate my own ideas from what I read, and then seek feedback from my study skills tutor 4. I will practice using different word processing skills and seek help on the areas where I face difficulty. 5. I will create a p ersonal schedule which I will use to allocate time for studying. Resources I will need to help me: Different assignment packages from the departmental library Study skills guides, textbooks and tutorial packages Academic journals containing essays and reports in the college library Access to the computer lab and use of my own PC Different examples of personal schedules from module textbooks Essay –

Organizational Change Plan Essay Example for Free

Organizational Change Plan Essay The proposal discussed is Electronic Health records. There are numerous advantages to using Electronic Medical health Records however, there are disadvantages as well. I believe that the Electronic Health Records process needs to be improved. Staff are having major difficulty using EHR‘s and this detrimental to the use because the staff feel uncomfortable therefore avoiding using EHRs. In order to change how the health care providers feel towards using EHRs, management must communicate adequately the need for the change and the great benefits of it. The next step would be for management to educate the staff by using evidence based processes. In this stage, management must make use of EHRs simple for staff to follow and provide enthusiasm in using EHRs correctly. An organizational boundary would be lack of deadlines, lack of funding, and lastly lack of participation from staff. Lack of deadlines leave staff to make their own deadline according to how necessary they feel the change is. Usually, new processes get put off because theyre used to the then existing habit and feel that the new process would require more time and energy. Despite the fact that actually using EHRs require a lot of training the primary benefit of EHRs is that it doesnt require an unnecessary amount of effort. One could save time and make other staffs tasks much easier resulting in faster outcomes and more time to focus on more issues. Another organizational boundary would be lack of funding. EHRs need computers, trainers/ End users, training manuals, subject matter experts, and time which could be rather costly. If an organization does not have the funds to provide training manuals, subject matter experts, or any of the other matters reported then the use of EHRs will not be possible. Lastly, lack of participation from staff is an enormous regulatory barrier. Without the use of EHRs by the staff the employees wont see the benefits of using EHRs and they will continue to use the old and less productive way. Individual barriers include problems comprehending the new information, fear of changing, and computer illiteracy. All the problem stated are rather large personal barriers and are interconnected. One may fear or feel that they dont want to change to EHRs because they are computer illiterate and cant comprehend how to use a computer. When using EHRs one must have basic  computer knowledge and be proficient in using all the necessary tools and softwares on a computer and without this knowledge then a person would feel overwhelmed in trying to use EHRs. There are both good and bad factors that may influence my proposed change. An example of a negative factor would be poor performing computers. Positive factors include good communication. Negative factors such as poor performing computes could negatively impact the use of EHRs significantly. The purpose of using EHRs are to save on time resulting in an increase of productivity but if working on a poor performing computer one may be result in going back to writing out information on health records. The main decisive factor in using EHRs is the incr ease of communication. With the use of EHRs not only all the staff will be able to access a patients information but another organization like a hospital or insurance company will be able to see and use the record. Using EHRs inside an organization will allow for all the staff to view the same information and to be updated. Lewins model relates to the change proposed because the process needed to change the process of EHRs which require Lewins three steps unfreezing, changing and refreezing Spector (2010). Unfreezing would be getting the staff to realize that they need to make a change. It is said that communication is essential in this step because it is needed to convey the urgency and specific outcome wanted (Change Management In Ehr Implementation, 2013). However in this scenario the change wouldnt be to implement EHRs it would be to get the staff to use go from avoiding the use of EHRs to become the new norm. The second step of the Lewins model is change. Change is moving from old habits or behaviors to the new and efficient implementations. Learning new habits and processes are what happens during this changing phase. Also, resistance is often seen in this stage, usually employees are set in their ways and view the new change as difficult or more challenging therefore they will resist the change Spector (2010). This is where the main problem occurs in the use of EHRs especially at my place of employment. The staff was introduced to a new method in recording health records however the staff still had doubts and felt intimidated towards using EHRs. In order to change or prevent the negative attitude towards the change, managers should let the employees know that the new change is necessary and that it contains more benefits than the last process. This is a problem within our organization. Usually providers state  to the workers that a change is going to be made then they train employees immediately and then they leave it up to the employees to continue to use the new process. In addition, managers and other employers sh ould make themselves available to the staff in assisting them with the new change. The last step discussed in Lewins model is freezing. The step freezing ensures that the new process is set in place and will continue to be the new norm. The employees at my workplace were not able to complete the final phase freezing because they resisted the change and reverted back to the old process. Internal resources available to support the change initiatives are using consultants or using expert help or allowing staff to take leadership roles in implementing the use of EHRs. Using expert help specialists allow the trainees to learn more about EHRs and how to prevent and correct problems with EHRs. Allowing staff to implement the use of EHRs through leadership is a very rewarding internal resource (Change Management In Ehr Implementation, 2013). The staff feels good about the change their making and the staff will use EHRs instead of writing this will provide them as well as the viewer with information about a patient and give them a better overview on what is happening with a patient. External resources available to support change initiatives are journals or using sites and articles. External resources would be journals, articles or websites on the subject matter of EHRs. These resources allow one to see anything from the purpose of EHRs, the history of EHRs, as well as how to resolve technical issues with EHRs. I believe that increased efficiency in EHRs will reduce the time it takes to access medical records. The pros outweigh the cons. Depending on whether or not staff has basic computer knowledge the education will be minimal as well as time. The advantages include better time management, more efficient communication, and less space taken up by papers and files. References Change Management in EHR Implementation. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.healthit.gov/sites/default/files/nlc_changemanagementprimer.pdf Spector, B. (2010). Implementing Organizational Change: Theory Into Practice (2nd ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix Ebook Collection database.

Optimism Essay

Optimism Essay Man often becomes what he believes himself to be. If I keep on saying to myself that I cannot do a certain thing, it is possible that I may end by really becoming incapable of doing it. On the contrary, if I have to believe that I can do it, I shall surely acquire the capacity to do it even if I may not have it at the beginning Mahatma Gandhi. What does this statement mean? It actually means that you are what you believe you are. This statement can be applied to optimism that thinking more positive can lead you to be happier and healthier. But what is optimism? And is that true that optimism can make you feel happy and healthy? Well, optimism or positive thinking is the word means best which comes from Latin word optimus. Optimism also describes how optimists are always looking for the best in every situation and hoping and expecting and seeing that things will turn out well in the future. Even if some bad situation occurs, they will look at that situation as the experience. The experience which helps them not to do the same mistake over again. And yes! It is true that optimism can make you feel happier and healthier. There is the study of Martin Seligma supporting the idea that optimists are happier and healthier by showing that they tend to take care of their health, to build better social network and to face the difficu lty without any worries. I have said so much about the definition and some research, so now lets take a look at the benefits of it. There are so many advantages of being optimist and the majority advantage is about health. How can optimism make your health healthier? I have an answer for you! According to the study of Seligma, it showed that 99 Harvard University Students who were optimist at age 25 were significantly healthier at age of 45 to 60 than those who were pessimists once. The second advantage is the persistence- the persistence of your life. Because optimists do not give up easily on tough situation like pessimists do, so they tend to turn the failure to opportunity to achieve their goals. Once they know that they do something wrong, they will learn from that and they will not let that happen again. The last one is less stress. As you may know that stress can affect your daily lifestyle, your health, your disposition, and your efficiency. On the other word, stress is bad for yourself. Well being optimist may help you get through all that stuffs because optimists believe in themselves and their abilitie s, they expect good things to happen. They see negative events as minor setbacks which is easily to overcome. They see positive events as evidence of further good things to come. It is shown that optimists are more proactive with stress management and work harder at it, so that is why they are less stress than pessimists. Now you all know about the benefits of optimism, so lets move on to some famous optimist Dalai Lama to give you some guideline about being optimist person. Dalai Lama is the spiritual leader of the Tibetan people who believes that mental, physical, and spiritual health are connected to optimistic attitude. How? He has said that when some disastrous situation happens, the most important thing is how you look at that problem. Negative? Or positive? If you look at it as negative, then when the negative emotions are fully developed, you will become their slave, and you will have bad attitude toward every situation. If you look at it as positive, it means that there is still hope in that disastrous situation. If you look at it as positive , then you will cheer yourself up not to give up, not to fear, to move on, to fight, to feel good. Thus there is still hope in every situation only if you look at it as the positive or as experience or as lesson to guide you to a better future. From Dalai Lamas teaching, he actually indicates clearly that if you have positive mind or thinking, your life will be easier to move on. Now I am going to tell you some ideas of how to be optimist yourself. Being optimist is not hard to do at all. Also the result of it is the treasure in your life. The very first thing you have to know about being optimist is that being optimist does not mean ignoring the problem, but it means hoping that things will change to be a better one in the future. So here are some ideas for you to follow. First idea is to find opportunity in every difficulty. What does it mean? It means that what you are dealing with might be difficult, but it is important to remain hopeful and positive about a brighter in that difficulty. Second idea is to surround yourself with positive people because the circumstances matter! If youre surrounded by negative people, there is a highly chance of you to be negative people. So being surrounded by positive people is much more make sense to increase your chance of being positive. Third idea is to inspire yourself with smile and positive reminders. If expect worst, the worst will happen. But if you smile, you will feel so much better. So what you have to do is just put smile on your face more often and that will make you happy! Also you may need to remind yourself that you are positive by noting some quote that cheer you up like anything is possible or I always have a choice. It really helps! The last one is to focus on the present and reject the past. You have to learn to face and to live with the present moment. The present moment that you are in right now. The moment present that is guaranteed you. And that is all I have to talk about the being optimist. Being optimist is giving you a huge amount of advantage in terms of being happier, being healthier, having less stress or reducing the tendency of getting some dangerous disease. Furthermore, being optimist is not that hard to do. You do not have to force yourself to do it all, just try to do it as best as you can, and you will see the result of it. So I hope you all might be thinking about being optimist in order to have better life, better attitude toward everything by taking those ideas that I told you about. Thank you. Nonie

The Mind of Man in Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad Essay -- Joseph

The Mind of Man in Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad "The changes take place inside you know" the doctor warns Marlow in Heart of Darkness (9). Joseph Conrad, the author of Heart of Darkness, uses the words of the doctor to warn the readers of the changes Marlow faces on his journey. This journey was a physical journey to the heart of the Congo River, but it was also a journey into the depths of his own mind. As Marlow encounters three stations along the Congo River, he encounters three stations or levels in his mind. These levels in the mind have labels from Freudian psychology-the Superego, the Ego, and the Id. Conrad develops the three physical stations as the psychological stations of the Superego, the Ego, and the Id. The first station Marlow encounters is the Outer Station. This station represents the Superego, which is "the division of the psyche that develops by the incorporation of the perceived moral standards of the community, is mainly unconscious, and includes the conscience" (American Heritage Dictionary). The Superego is the part of the mind which contains the standards of morality set by society. The Superego is also the section of humans that is a front, or a false face. People use their front to reflect what they think society wants to see. Marlow describes seeing an accountant in the Outer Station who represents the Superego: " I saw a high starched collar, white cuffs, a light alpaca jacket, snowy trousers, a clear necktie, and varnished boots? in the great demoralization of the land he kept up his appearance" Marlow tells his audience (15). The accountant represents society and the influences of society on the Outer Station?the Superego. The European society as a whole is dominant at this station, a... ...the extremely emotional and arduous pilgrimage to the center of their minds, it is always worth the journey. As shown in Heart of Darkness, there are three stations along the trek to the heart of man's soul. As he reaches each station, man struggles with understanding and recognizing another level of the mind. When a person chooses to make this journey, they must keep in mind that they might not like the truth they find in the end. Man cannot underestimate that truth, because it may be stronger than he may think. To understand the heart of the soul, man must look at every aspect, not just one element. Bibliography: American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 1975 ed. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. New York: Drover, 1990. McErlane, Kelly. Sigmund Freud and Heart of Darkness. http://open.dtcc.cc.nc.us/eng111/webzine/mcerlane.html

About Going to School Essay

As young Americans living in the 21st century, we have many options when it comes to what we want to do after we graduate high school. Many choose to go to college and earn a degree while others choose to go straight to work or join the military. While all are very good choices for the young men and women who choose each path, some might be more rewarding than others. Earning a degree is something I think all young adults should do regardless of which path they choose; it brings much more economic security, many more job opportunities, and, in most cases, a broader understanding of the world and how it works. One of the first major reasons for my believing this is the economic benefits of the college degree. As we all know, we have been in economic downturn for the past several years, and one study in 2008 found that this was due to a lack of college degrees, or partially at any rate. â€Å"One of the biggest developments in this year’s report is the strength of the relationship between higher education and the economy,† said Dewayne Matthews, Lumina’s vice president for policy and strategy. â€Å"People are beginning to understand that job growth is a structural issue, and that higher education is the key to economic growth. (UPI Top New, 2010) See more: My Writing Process Essay As you can tell, there is a correlation between what our economy does and the education that we, as Americans, receive after we leave high school and start to enter the real world. It is saying that the American economy cannot survive with employees that have limited knowledge and education. This is not to say that those who do not go to college do not contribute to society however there is an extremely important need for an educated populous to pull us out of this economic deficit. The opportunities for person to find a well paying job are exponentially increased upon receiving a degree from an accredited college or university. â€Å"America needs more workers with college degrees, certificates and industry certifications. † (Arabia 2000, 2010) This quote indicates another point I am trying to make: The employers in America simply cannot find the people they need to fill the jobs that require higher education and training. It used to be that you didn’t need a degree to get a job, sure it helped, but you didn’t have to have it. Well in today’s society it’s practically a requirement and the trend seems to only be growing. If this is the case, wouldn’t you want to arm yourself with as much education and prowess before meeting with employers who won’t consider your application if you do not have a degree attached to it? The answer is yes, you are more likely to get a job over someone if you have a degree and they do not. There is a correlation between jobs and degrees, and the article â€Å"Help Wanted: Projecting Jobs and Education Requirements through 2018† (Arabia 2000, 2010) indicates that this relation is growing closer and even estimates that 63% of all jobs will require some type of post-secondary degree by the year 2018. As you can see, there is substantial evidence leaning towards employers needing a degree, specifically the ones that will allow you to live in a comfortable middle-class lifestyle. Instead of exercising the appropriate mental muscles, we’re allowing ourselves to become a nation of nitwits, obsessed with the comings and goings of Lindsay Lohan and increasingly oblivious to crucially important societal issues that are all but screaming for attention. What should we be doing about the legions of jobless Americans, the deteriorating public schools, the debilitating wars, the scandalous economic inequality, the corporate hold on governmental affairs, the commercialization of the arts, the deficits? † (Guelph Mercury (ON, 2010) this seems rather harsh, but it speaks some truth. There seems to be a lot of Americans these days not contributing anything but TV ratings to society. It’s not a very pretty picture to paint of our country, but the author is saying that our world view is extremely limited and higher education helps broaden that. Going to college is a unique experience in its own, going off on your own, being independent and everything that comes with it. But what about the education you are receiving, when you receive a college education you receive the social responsibility as a global citizen to help us advance as a society. Through your college experiences you are obtaining the tools to go out and change the world, to be a responsible global citizen and to change the way things are going in this country. By not obtaining higher education you are sitting by and watching as the world zooms passed and doesn’t even glance your way. For those who choose to go to work or the military instead of college first, there are still options for you to earn a degree and become successful and earn a higher pay and better job. If you attended a career center and decided to go straight to work, you can and should pursue a degree in the field that you trained in, some jobs might even pay for you to go and getting more training in order to have you as a strong asset in the future. Other companies might even pay towards your student loans after graduating college. New Hampshire has a program called â€Å"Stay Work Play† (Work-Life Newsbrief & Trend Report, 2009) that uses incentives for companies to keep jobs in the state by paying $8,000 towards your college loans and get you to work for them. As for the military, you have the option to go to college for free. The GI Bill of Rights (FDCH Congressional Testimony, 2010) was created at the end of World War II and contains a provision to help pay for servicemen and women to attend college. This give you the option to earn a degree and still serve your country, and get a high pay and maybe earn a higher status in the military by having a degree that helps you perform a job for them. There are thousands of opportunities awaiting you when you start your journey after earning a high school diploma, as you can see. Living in this current economy is not a fun experience and the more money you can make helps not only you but it helps the economy start to thrive again. You have the opportunity to prove the nay-sayers in the world wrong, and help change the world and become an effective global citizen. For those who don’t think they should earn a degree or think they can’t because they chose to go into the military or work, you can still do it! In this day and age we all need an edge in order to get anywhere and succeed, empower yourself to become the successful young man or woman you know you can be and get a degree.

Company Representative Paper Essay

This letter is to express my interest in bringing my experience as a Technical Support Analyst to your organization. I possess excellent customer service skills and have the technical skills and abilities in desktop and network support that will be an asset to your organization. As you can gather from my attached resume, I have experience maintaining a help desk ticket system to log all software and hardware related issues. I am a hard worker and committed to personal and professional growth in the IT industry. I have demonstrated my ability to troubleshoot customer problems providing effective resolution to technical issues. I obtained a Bachelor of Arts in Computer Information Systems at Simpson College and seek to contribute my formal education and professional experience to a challenging position with your organization. In addition to the skills noted on my attached resume, I can also offer your organization: †¢ Team Leader with proven ability to increase customer satisfaction by providing excellent technical support. †¢ An ability to work in a fast-paced environment and take on challenging IT tasks. †¢ Goal-oriented professional dedicated to quickly learning new tasks. It is my hope that my education and professional experience will convey to you that I have the qualifications to make a valuable contribution to your company. Should you have any questions, I can be reached at the number listed above.

Hamlet: Context of the Original Version Essay

Shakespeare uses words in his plays that are often confusing to modern readers. His wordplays, however, are what make his works worth reading. That is why there are available resources that attempt to explain at least some of the context of Shakespeare’s words in his plays. One of these resources is a website that offers a translation of the original work into the modern language. The service is called No Fear Shakespeare. The translations, however, does not provide the experience that is brought to the audience that using Shakespeare’s words does. One of the plays that No Fear Shakespeare translates into the modern version is Hamlet. We shall examine and compare how the original version differs in context and complexity from the modern version using Act III scene 4. This is where Hamlet met Gertrude in her room and had killed Polonius. First, we examine that Shakespeare’s words, while may be used in its literal sense, is also used to refer to something else. In fact, the English language is full of connotations and metaphorical usage that it is often easy to undermine the context of Shakespeare’s words by modern readers. Hamlet and Gertrude’s exchange of words in the beginning of the scene, for example, use words that, when translated into modern version, lose their symbolic meaning. The word â€Å"offended† was translated into the word â€Å"insulted† which is not as effective or powerful in use as the original term. â€Å"Idle tongue† was translated simply into â€Å"foolish† and â€Å"wicked tongue† simply into â€Å"evil. † â€Å"Tongue† in the original context is used to refer to the characters’ manner of speaking. Thus, an â€Å"idle tongue† means that Hamlet was speaking without meaning, purpose or basis and â€Å"wicked tongue† while may mean to be literally evil, may also refer to something with mischief. One must remember that Hamlet is very critical about those around him, treating the other characters with suspicion. He knew that there are those who contrive against him and his mother does not escape his doubts. Thus, Hamlet’s use of â€Å"wicked† is more closely applicable to â€Å"mischief† than to â€Å"evil. † Fact is the term â€Å"question† may actually mean â€Å"doubt† in the original context. It is important to note that while the translations closely resemble the meaning of the original, it loses the power of the original. Hamlet also referred to Polonius, although he was unaware that it was Polonius who was behind the tapestry, as a â€Å"rat. † One might be easily led in the modern translation that Hamlet simply means to regard the person literally as a rat which justifies killing it. Those aware of the English language know that the term rat could refer to someone who is despicable, or an informer of sort, a spy perhaps. This meaning is reinforced when Hamlet regarded Polonius as an â€Å"intruding fool† later on. Hamlet also regarded Polonius as â€Å"wretched† and was translated into simply â€Å"low-life,† which hardly compares to the power of the original term that means someone who is in a very unhappy or unfortunate state. The term is also used to express anger, hatred or annoyance. Gertrude’s expression confronting Hamlet stating that he dared to â€Å"wag thy tongue in a noise so rude† was simply translated to â€Å"talk to me so rudely.† One could immediately see the richness of the original passage as compared to the translation. While the meaning of the phrase was preserved, the power and drama of the original was not. The use of figurative speech was also disregarded in the modern translation. For example, when Hamlet cried â€Å"Rebellious hell,† the apostrophe was omitted from the modern translation. The lines were translated not as if Hamlet was calling out to hell, hence, does not retain the richness and complexity of the original. It must be noted that the use of figurative speech makes a literary work an art, and the failure of the translated version to maintain its use in the original passage is a failure to meet the excellence exemplified by the original. The problem that exists in the modern translation of Shakespeare’s plays lies in the context of the meaning of the words, the mystery of its use, and the application of figurative speech. Shakespeare’s words are often richer in context and complex in meaning that it is also the reason of the difficulty to understand some concepts and messages in the play. The meaning, context and complexity of the words as used in the original version disappear when translated into the modern version. Modern versions of the text are usually taken in its literal sense, thus, the author’s real purpose in using the words disappear. Furthermore, the art of using words by applying figurative speech was not preserved in the modern version. Modern translations of the text, while easier to understand, fail to meet the complexities of Shakespeare’s words and come short in the richness of its context.